Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese  

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Other Link： https://search-tp.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2020&ichushi_jid=J02041&link_issn=&doc_id=20210315450002&doc_link_id=%2Feh5jofih%2F2020%2F003504%2F003%2F0247-0257%26dl%3D0&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Feh5jofih%2F2020%2F003504%2F003%2F0247-0257%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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BACKGROUND: Studies on social capital and health outcomes have become common, but the relationship between neighborhood social capital and sleep duration by gender is still unclear. We examined the relationship between neighborhood social capital and sleep duration by gender in adults living in a rural community in Japan. METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 12,321 residents aged ≥20 years in a town in Mie Prefecture in January-March 2013. Self-completed questionnaires were collected from the residents (n = 7782; valid participation rate, 63.2%). We used five items to assess the neighborhood social capital (Cronbach's α = 0.86). We summed up the scores of each item, and then divided the participants into four groups by quartile of total scores of neighborhood social capital (lowest, low, high, and highest). Sleep duration of < 7 h/day was defined as insufficient sleep duration according to previous studies. To adjust for potential confounders, we performed a multiple log-binominal regression analysis and estimated the prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for insufficient sleep. RESULTS: Overall 42% of the men and 45% of the women had insufficient sleep. In the men, the lowest group of neighborhood social capital presented a 22% higher prevalence of insufficient sleep (PR 1.22; 95% CIs 1.08-1.38) compared to the highest group of neighborhood social capital. Similarly the low group of neighborhood social capital and the high group of neighborhood social capital had 20 and 19% higher prevalence of insufficient sleep (PR 1.20; 95% CIs 1.06-1.36; PR 1.19; 95% CIs 1.06-1.34, respectively) compared to the highest group of neighborhood social capital. For women there was no significant association between neighborhood social capital and insufficient sleep after controlling for all potential confounders. CONCLUSION: Having lower neighborhood social capital was associated with insufficient sleep among Japanese adults, particularly in the men. This suggests that the context of neighborhood social capital by gender should be considered to promote healthier behaviors with regard to getting enough sleep.

DOI： 10.1186/s12889-018-5204-4

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Language：English   Publisher：Ministry of Health and Sports of Myanmar (MOHS) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)  

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Language：English   Publisher：Ministry of Health and Sports of Myanmar (MOHS) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)  

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Oxford University Press (OUP)  

DOI： 10.1093/inthealth/ihu098

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Language：English   Publisher：Taylor & Francis  

Currently, interventions for HIV/AIDS control in Sri Lanka are only carried out among the most-at-risk populations. This study was conducted to identify the level of awareness and stigma-related attitudes among the general population of Sri Lanka. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 869 residents of 18-64 years of age in Kandy, Sri Lanka. A self-administered questionnaire was utilised to obtain information about stigma, discrimination and HIV/AIDS-related knowledge. Chi-square test and multivariate analysis were applied to find possible associations between HIV-related variables and socio-demographic indicators. Response rate was 82.0%. Overall, 93.5% of the participants have heard of HIV/AIDS but the knowledge on HIV/AIDS was low with an average score of 51.7%, no statistically significant difference between genders (p = 0.352). Only 58.1% were aware that a condom was an effective tool for its prevention. There were many misconceptions related to epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. The participants showed more positive attitudes towards HIV/AIDS and people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) for all questionnaire items except for those listed under shame and blame. Positive attitudes towards PLHIV were observed to be greater among those with a better HIV/AIDS-related knowledge score. There was no significant association between the attitudes towards PLHIV and socio-demographic characteristics such as ethnicity and religion. There is a greater need of making attempts towards educating the public regarding HIV/AIDS to eliminate misconceptions prevalent in the society. Stigma-related attitudes are mainly due to shame and blame associated with the disease. As the attitudes towards PLHIV were more positive among those with a better HIV/AIDS-related knowledge score, targeted HIV/AIDS-related health education interventions maybe recommended in this regard.

DOI： 10.1080/09540121.2014.963496

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global importance and one of the notifiable diseases in Sri Lanka. Recent studies on human leptospirosis have suggested that the cattle could be one of the important reservoirs for human infection in the country. However, there is a dearth of local information on bovine leptospirosis, including its implications for human transmission. Thus, this study attempted to determine the carrier status of pathogenic Leptospira spp in cattle in Sri Lanka. A total of 164 cattle kidney samples were collected from the meat inspection hall in Colombo city during routine inspection procedures conducted by the municipal veterinary surgeons. The DNA was extracted and subjected to nested PCR for the detection of leptospiral flaB gene. Amplicons were sequenced, and phylogenic distances were calculated. Of 164 samples, 20 (12.2%) were positive for flaB-PCR. Sequenced amplicons revealed that Leptospira species were deduced to L.borgpetersenii (10/20, 50%), L.kirschneri (7/20, 35%) and L.interrogans (3/20, 15%). The results indicate that a high proportion of the sampled cattle harbour a variety of pathogenic Leptospira spp, which can serve as important reservoirs for human disease.

DOI： 10.1111/tbed.12014

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

BACKGROUND: Life expectancy (LE) is a major marker of individual survival. It also serves as a guide to highlight both the progress and the gaps in total social and societal health. Comparative LE in concert with measures of gender-specific experience, indices of empowerment and societal happiness and development offer a comparative tool to examine trends and similarities of societal progress as seen through the lens of cross-national experience. METHODS: To determine the gender gaps in LE (GGLE) trends, we performed a longitudinal analysis, covering a period of 49 years (1960-2008). To examine the association of GGLE with development indices, we used the 2007 GGLE data, the newest happiness data mostly drawn from 2006; the 2006 Human Development Index (HDI) data and the 2006 Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) data. RESULTS: It revealed that most of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries had a GGLE trend that occurred in an inverted U-curve fashion. We divided them into three subgroups based on the peak years of respective GGLE. The earlier the peak year, the happier the countries, the higher the HDI and the smaller the current GGLE are. Association analysis indicates that Happiness, HDI and GEM are all negatively associated with GGLE. CONCLUSION: This pattern suggests that GGLE undergoes three phases of growth, peak and stability and decline. Japan will soon be seeing its GGLE gradually shrinking in the foreseeable future. The continuing increases in Happiness, HDI and GEM are associated with a decrease in GGLE, which should be carefully taken into consideration.

DOI： 10.1093/eurpub/cks049

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

AIM: This study analyzed the trend of gender gaps in life expectancy (GGLE) in Japan between 1947 and 2010, and explored the correlations of GGLE with gender mortality ratio and social development indices. METHODS: Using GGLE and social indices data collected from the official websites, we carried out trends analysis of GGLE by calculating segmented average growth rates for different periods. We explored the association between GGLE and all-cause mortality; and between GGLE and Human Development Index (HDI) while controlling for time trend, by computing the generalized additive models based on the software R (version 2.15). RESULTS: Japan's GGLE increased in a fluctuating fashion. Across 53 years, the average growth rates varied widely: 0.14% (1947-1956), 1.43% (1956-1974), 1.06% (1974-2004) and -0.60% (2004-2010) (overall average 0.87%). The value of GGLE peaked to 7.00 years in 2004, and then has slowly declined (6.75 years in 2010). Age-adjusted all-cause gender mortality ratio had a statistically positive association with GGLE (P<0.01), whereas HDI was found to have no such association. CONCLUSION: The increased trend of GGLE in Japan could be partly explained by increased disease-specific mortality ratios (male/female), especially those involving chronic bronchitis and emphysema, diseases of the liver, suicide and cancer. The recent decline of GGLE might imply that Japanese women have been catching up with the lifestyle of men, resulting in similar mortality patterns. This calls for gender-sensitive approaches to developing policies and programs that will help sustain healthy lifestyles to combat smoking and alcohol intake, and social support to prevent suicide.

DOI： 10.1111/ggi.12001

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

Religious leaders in Sri Lanka may have a high potential of contributing to HIV/AIDS prevention among the general public because of their social status. In order to assess their current HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and attitude and the possibility of becoming community advocates of HIV/AIDS prevention, we conducted a questionnaire survey among Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim and Christian leaders in Sri Lanka in 2009. There were limited correct responses about HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV), and information regarding condoms, HIV testing and counselling were poorly understood. Although a condom was less acceptable as a part of HIV/AIDS prevention, they were willing to learn more about HIV/AIDS and expressed support for both PLHIV and HIV prevention activities. Their experiences, preparedness and willingness of HIV prevention activities were associated with age, knowledge and/or religious background. In conclusion, intensive and systematic learning opportunities should be provided to equip the religious leaders with overall HIV/AIDS knowledge to become key players for HIV/AIDS prevention in their communities.

DOI： 10.1080/17441692.2012.745892

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOUTHEAST ASIAN MINISTERS EDUC ORGANIZATION  

To help formulate a local intervention for leptospirosis in Sri Lanka, we determined the serogroups of leptospiral species among 97 patients diagnosed with leptospirosis at the University of Peradeniya Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka. Ninety-two point eight percent of the patients were men; nearly two-thirds were > or = 35 years old; the majority had secondary or higher education level, half were farmers or laborers; and 57.7% presented in the acute-phase of the illness. Twenty-five patients (25.8%) were confirmed to have leptospirosis by a positive laboratory method; 17 and 8 cases were confirmed with a positive test by quantitative MAT and nested PCR, respectively. Of the 17 MAT positive cases, infection occurred in a variety of serogroups, but the predominant groups were Sejroe and Tarassovi. Of the 8 nested PCR positive cases, 7 were seen among those with a MAT titer <200 and 1 occurred in a patient with a MAT titer > or = 200 but <400. Of the 8 PCR positive cases, 7 were infected with the leptospiral species L. interrogans. Approximately 26% of the clinically diagnosed patients were confirmed by the two laboratory methods. Laboratory positivity was based on the time of blood collection after the onset of fever. Further studies are warranted to refine the clinical diagnostic criteria and to develop more efficient and accurate diagnostic tests for leptospirosis in resource limited settings.

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese  

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2012&ichushi_jid=J01370&link_issn=&doc_id=20120514440016&doc_link_id=%2Fev6hokka%2F2012%2F008702%2F016%2F0082-0082%26dl%3D0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fev6hokka%2F2012%2F008702%2F016%2F0082-0082%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：北海道公衆衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本エイズ学会  

過去に行った中学生・高校生・大学生を対象とした調査データを基に、HIV/AIDSを含む性感染症の知識レベルとHIV検査受検行動の関連性について検討した。中学生2408例、高校生1696例、大学生526例であった。STIに関する知識は、年齢が上がるほど高知識群の割合が高かった。HIV検査が保健所で、無料匿名で受けられることを知っているかは、中学生では顕著に低く、高校生と大学生では同程度の認識であった。知識レベルと有意な関連性を認め、高知識群では、「知っている」割合が低知識群よりも高かった。HIV検査について、知識レベルと受検意欲との間に有意な関連性を認め、低知識群に比べて高知識群で「受けようと思う」割合が高かった。HIV検査結果を知ることに対する恐怖感と性感染症の知識には有意な関連性を認め、「検査結果を知ることが怖い」と回答した者は、低知識群よりも高知識群でやや高かった。

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Language：English   Publisher：JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR INTERNATIONAL HEALTH  

<B>Objective</B><BR>Despite the steady high prevalence of infectious diseases, Sri Lanka has an increasing awareness of lifestyle-related health diseases. To lower their risks in the future, making better lifestyle choices and establishing patterns of healthy behavior during young adulthood are essential. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore current issues of university students' health behaviors and their environments.<BR><B>Methods</B><BR>The study was conducted in a university of the Central Province, Sri Lanka. Four graduate students in the Faculty of Medicine and three senior students in the Faculty of the Arts were interviewed in a focus group. Interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed inductively.<BR><B>Results</B><BR>The results yielded three core categories: little interests in health, unhealthy lifestyles, and lower usage of the Student Health Center. In addition, three major health problems were observed among the participants: eating habits, substance use, and mental health. Students had little paid attention to their health. It also showed passive participation on a health check-up. Additionally students' hidden risky behaviors were observed: alcohol intake and smoking. Mental health problem is one of the great health concerns among the students. Although the School Health Center was available, the gaps between its provisions of services and students' needs are an important issue.<BR><B>Discussion and Conclusion</B><BR>Students need to pay more attention on their health conditions and the importance of preventive health. Furthermore, to improve the current university health services, accessibility, usability, and students' needs should be carefully reviewed in the context of advocacy of preventive health behaviors.

DOI： 10.11197/jaih.27.381

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Language：English   Publisher：Mary Ann Liebert  

Leptospirosis is an important bacterial zoonotic disease globally and one of the notifiable diseases in Sri Lanka. Other than human leptospirosis, little information is available on leptospirosis in domestic and feral animals in Sri Lanka. Thus, this study attempted to determine the prevalence and carrier status of leptospirosis in smallholder dairy cattle and peridomestic rodents to understand the impact of the disease on public health in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Cattle and rodent samples were collected from the Yatinuwara and Udunuwara divisional secretaries in Kandy. Serum samples were analyzed for the presence of antileptospiral antibodies using microscopic agglutination test. DNA was extracted from cattle urine and rodent kidney tissue samples, in which polymerase chain reaction was carried out to detect the Leptospira flaB gene. The cattle in 19 (38.8%) of the 49 farms harbored antileptospiral antibodies. Out of 113 cattle serum samples, 23 (20.3%) were positive; 17 (73.9%) and 6 (26.1%) reacted with serogroups Sejroe and Hebdomadis, respectively. Out of the 74 rodent samples, 13 (17.5%) were positive; 8 (61.5%) and 4 (30.8%) had reactions to serogroups Javanica and Icterohaemorrhagiae, respectively. Leptospiral DNA was detected in one cattle urine sample and identified as Leptospira interrogans. This study revealed a high prevalence of leptospirosis in cattle and rodents in Kandy. These animals were infected with a wide array of leptospiral serogroups, which are consistent with the research findings observed in humans in Kandy. Overall, serological data indicate that relative to rodents, cattle may be a more significant reservoir for human transmission and a greater source of potential risk to local agricultural communities.

DOI： 10.1089/vbz.2010.0153

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本エイズ学会  

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR INTERNATIONAL HEALTH  

<B>Introduction</B><br>Whereas the numbers of new HIV infections and deaths due to AIDS have been reduced or stabilized, they remain high in sub-Saharan Africa. To further control the generalized epidemics and their consequences, countries have continued strengthening their programs to prevent new infections and deaths: however, program outcomes and impact at the national level are not well understood. The purpose of the review was to describe the country-level outcomes and impact of HIV/AIDS programs in eight sub-Saharan African countries in order to highlight future action agenda to meet universal access and policies related to Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).<br><B>Methods</B><br>The review used 16 of the 25 program outcome and impact indicators prescribed by the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS). The review reported on the percentages accomplished by each country in their programs, categorized these figures into high (80% and higher), moderate (50-79%) and low (below 50%), and highlighted the domains in which outcomes and impact were high.<br><B>Results</B><br>Across countries, with the exception of Tanzania, programs had achieved nearly universal or universal outcomes and impact, but their coverage was limited to 2-5 program domains. Moreover, in domains with multiple target groups, such as in the provision of antiretroviral therapy and in the promotion and distribution of condom use, the programs were unable to produce high-end results for the affected populations. To further reduce their infections and deaths and to advance towards universal access and MDGs, countries must make their program outcomes and impact comprehensive and equitable.<br><B>Conclusion</B><br>Almost all national programs have high level accomplishments, but they must broaden their domain and audience coverage to further control the generalized epidemics and deaths in the eight countries. National responses must collect and analyze all the UNGASS data systematically and regularly in order to determine current HIV/AIDS knowledge and behaviors, ascertain program effects, and inform future actions.

DOI： 10.11197/jaih.26.253

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPANESE SOCIETY OF HEALTH EDUCATION AND PROMOTION  

The 7th Global Conference on Health Promotion with the theme &ldquo;Promoting health and development,closing the implementation gap&rdquo; was held in Nairobi, Kenya, on 26-30 October, 2009. As an immediate outcome, &ldquo;Nairobi Call to Action&rdquo; was released at the end of the conference. The main theme of the conference aimed to clarify key strategies and commitments of each country in order to narrow its major implementation gaps in health and development through health promotion. Five urgent responsibilities were identified in the Call, which was based on the collective views of more than 600 international on-site delegates and online participants from more than a hundred countries. We would like to introduce the whole document and its Japanese translation to the Journal readers (It was translated by Koji Kanda, Hiroko Yamashina, Masamine Jimba, Keiko Otsuka, and Hidehiko Tamashiro).

DOI： 10.11260/kenkokyoiku.18.230

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR INTERNATIONAL HEALTH  

<b>Introduction</b><br>&nbsp;Recent strategic plans for HIV/AIDS control in Sri Lanka have stressed the need to focus prevention interventions on most-at-risk populations and similarly laid out the importance of improving HIV/AIDS awareness among the general population. Programmatic attention has to be strengthened to effectively change AIDS-related poor knowledge, low risk perceptions and risky sexual practices at the individual level, and avert an epidemic. While current data on at-risk populations are available to inform interventions, there is paucity of latest evidence for the general population programs.<br><b>Methods</b><br>&nbsp;In April-May 2009, a cross-sectional study involving 1,239 population-based and randomly selected respondents aged 15-49 was completed in Kandy, Sri Lanka (response rate=87.2%). The study collected data on HIV/AIDS knowledge, perceptions and sexual practices among the general population to supply current information for the intervention. Data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate and multivariate approaches. <br><b>Results</b><br>&nbsp;While almost all respondents were aware of HIV/AIDS, sizeable proportions (44.7-76.2%) knew little about the types of sexually transmitted infections, and about the transmission modes and prevention methods of HIV/AIDS. Although 80% of respondents had low risk perceptions and were mostly at low risk behaviorally, their knowledge of HIV/AIDS was inadequate. They assessed their risks and practiced unsafer sex without the benefit of having evidence-based knowledge. The knowledge, perceptions and practices were significantly associated with gender, marital status, education, religion, and/or residence.<br><b>Conclusions</b><br>&nbsp;The gaps in substantive knowledge on HIV/AIDS suggest that no effective information and other related types of support have been provided to the general population in Sri Lanka. In the context of the need to contribute to sustaining the low prevalence of HIV in the country, a base of scientific knowledge and wider advocacy programs should be developed.

DOI： 10.11197/jaih.25.11

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Infection in Developing Countries  

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence is relatively lower in Sri Lanka than in other Asian countries; however, the number of HIV-infected persons has rapidly increased in recent years.METHODOLOGY: A baseline study on HIV, acquired immunodeficiency virus (AIDS), and sexually transmitted infections (STI) knowledge, attitude, and practice was conducted at two construction sites in Sri Lanka from January to February 2007 to design an effective intervention strategy for the construction workers.RESULTS: Among 611 respondents (mostly males, mean age 32.8 years), nearly two-thirds lived away from home. Knowledge was fairly good on AIDS prevention but poorer on STI than on HIV. Some misconceptions were also observed. A high percentage did not consider HIV/AIDS as their own personal issue, and over 50% respondents expressed discriminatory attitudes towards HIV positives. Condom access was limited due to social and cultural norms. Mobility was not significantly associated with practice of prevention of HIV and STI.CONCLUSION: This study showed that the construction workers were not specially at higher risk of HIV at that time. In order to minimize the potential risk of infection, however, it would be effective to reduce stigma and discrimination among them through the prevention program, working together with community or religious leaders in the areas. More comprehensive assessment among other population groups would also be beneficial to identify their risk of infection

DOI： 10.3855/jidc.553

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国立スリランカ病院での動物による咬傷症例を分析し、スリランカの狂犬病対策に関する基礎資料を収集した。対象症例は2005年8月〜2006年7月の11902例で、内訳は男性7492例と女性4410例、被害者の年齢は男性37.0歳、女性39.8歳で女性が有意に高かった。原因動物はイヌ(70.3%)が大部分を占め、咬傷場所は自宅(44.8%)が最も多く、傷の種類は複数の咬傷(40.5%)、咬傷部位は脚(41.5%)、狂犬病暴露後発病予防治療指針による暴露分類は第II類(29.6%)が最多であった。治療方法は暴露後ワクチン接種2ヶ所スケジュール(47.3%)が最多であり、イヌの帰属は家庭が67.2%で、咬傷原因となった動物の42.0%はワクチン未接種、事後の狂犬病抗体検査実施は2.3%であった。狂犬病の第一予防策ではイヌへの予防接種を最優先すべきだが、医療費抑制、予防対策のための啓発活動も平行して積極的に進める必要がある。

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BACKGROUND: Rabies remains endemic in Sri Lanka despite a strong government patronized anti-rabies campaign. Personal, cultural or religious beliefs have been thought to influence health practices that could render rabies prevalent in the country. METHODOLOGY: The knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of 580 household heads/members from Nuwara Eliya District, Sri Lanka, regarding rabies were explored through a structured questionnaire. An improvement/deterioration in their knowledge and practices after the use of information and education campaign (IEC) materials was assessed through a repeat exploration at an interval of four weeks. RESULTS: Respondents showed inclination toward animal birth control (60%) rather than elimination methods (24%). There was disparity between pet owners enthusiasm to take pets for rabies inoculation (57%) and their ability to show dog vaccination cards (40%). Almost twice more pet owners than non-pet owners believed that it is their responsibility to control the population of roaming pet dogs (aOR=1.78; 95% CI: 1.14 to 2.76). The rabies leaflets were very effective in informing the people on how to deal with rabid animals, the earliest schedule for anti-rabies vaccine (ARV), and repeat vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Awareness and proper attitude toward rabies management and canine population control are adequate among the rural Sinhalese and Buddhist populations of Sri Lanka; however, their current health practices should be improved. The rabies KAP could be further enhanced through the use of IEC materials.

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Language：English   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

DOI： 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f2c94b

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<b>Introduction</b><br>&nbsp;Of the 55,000 deaths per year due to rabies, 56% occur in Asia and 44% in Africa. Despite the existence of the national rabies control program in Sri Lanka, rabies is still prevalent, suggesting that animal bite victims may have failed to observe the proper first aid measures and seek immediate medical treatment. The purpose of this study is to describe the health-seeking behavior among animal bite victims of a selected population in Kandy District, Sri Lanka. The influences of subjects&rsquo; demographic characteristics to these behaviors were studied.<br><b>Methods</b><br>&nbsp;We conducted face-to-face interviews in May 2006 among households with family members having history of animal bite injuries. Data on health-seeking behaviors such as first aid measure application, immediate medical consultation, and completion of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) were obtained. The association between behaviors and demographic characteristics were evaluated using Chi-square test or the Fisher&rsquo;s exact test.<br><b>Results</b><br>&nbsp;Of the 6968 sample population, 357 (5.1%) had history of animal bites one year prior to the survey. Most of the subjects performed first aid measures (n=297, 83.2%) and sought medical treatment (n=319, 89.4%) within 24 hours (n=295, 82.6%) of the injury. Only 9.8% (n=35) of the subjects completed the PEP. There was no association between health-seeking behavior and demographic characteristics. Two subjects died having symptoms that resembled rabies without completing the necessary PEP, and two animal specimens were sent for laboratory testing that confirmed one case of feline rabies one year prior to the study.<br><b>Conclusion</b><br>&nbsp;In general, the health-seeking behaviors of the subjects were not influenced by their demographic characteristics which may contribute to greater difficulties in controlling rabies. To strengthen the rabies control program, effective education of both the public and health sectors by thorough and adequate wound washing, and strict adherence with the recommended treatment schedule is of paramount importance.

DOI： 10.11197/jaih.23.173

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Since 1957 Japan has successfully eradicated human and animal rabies through registration, confinement and compulsory vaccination of family dogs, and elimination of stray dogs. However, in November 2006, two cases of human rabies infections were reported in the country. These patients were bitten by dogs during travel in the Philippines, and did not receive pre- and post-exposure prophylaxes. With the mounting numbers of Japanese travelers every year, the risk of infection increases especially to those who visit regions where the disease is endemic. In this paper, we shall discuss the two recent human deaths from rabies, review the current situation and control measures in Japan and surrounding countries where the disease is prevalent, summarize precautionary measures for travelers, and suggest public health strategies to prevent the re-introduction of rabies in the country.

DOI： 10.1016/j.tmaid.2007.06.003

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

DOI： 10.1265/ehpm.12.84

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Other Link： http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02898154/fulltext.html

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society for AIDS Research  

Objective: To assess the perception of HIV infection and the need for rapid HIV testing in the general population of Hokkaido.<BR>Subjects and Methods: The subjects were recruited from persons registered with the Hokkaido Newspaper Information Institute using stratified random sampling to obtain a representative sample of the general population of Hokkaido Prefecture. A web-based questionnaire survey was conducted among the subjects in December 2004.<BR>Results: Of the 1, 700 subjects, 1, 451 replied to the survey (response rate = 85.4%). The results showed that many of the subjects were well familiar with the epidemic of or preventive methods for HIV infection but not with the HIV testing per se. Seventy percent of the subjects preferred the rapid test to the conventional testing method. Men and young women preferred HIV testing in health centers on weekends at daytime or on weekdays at nighttime. Seven percent of the subjects were worried about HIV status, while only 3% thought about seeking HIV testing in the past.<BR>Conclusions: The proportion of persons who actually went to HIV testing was small among those who were anxious about their own HIV status. Thus, HIV testing strategies need to be revised to be more convenient for those with anxiety over HIV infection and many others who want to know their HIV serostatus. The strategy should take into account, among others, the age and occupation of potential users, anonymous and confidential counseling, and convenience in time and place as well as provision of information on HIV testing and counseling.

DOI： 10.11391/aidsr1999.9.36

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：中京大学心理学研究科・心理学部  

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Other Link： http://id.nii.ac.jp/1217/00000119/

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